Key Concepts in Tanakah

חֶסֶד (hesed): mercy, kindness, love
God is hesed. Therefore, people should be also kind and loving to one another.
 

שׁוּב (shuv): to turn back
Because God is the way, people should turn back to him. That is what "repentance" means. The equivalent word in Greek is metanoia (μετάνοια).
 
צְדָקָה (tsedaqah): righteousness
God is the one who is righteous, the basis of human existence and action.

מִשְׁפָּט (mishpat): justice
Because God is righteous, people should seek justice in all spheres of life.

TaNaKh: Torah (תּוֹרָה), Neviim (נְבִיאִים), Ketuvim (כְּתוּבִים‎)

What am I?

People get their impressions of me based on what they see from me. While my colleagues tell me I am a writing machine or a prolific writer, students think I am thoroughly prepared. But I see myself differently. I'm always conscientious and feel like walking a tightrope. The other day I wrote about myself below:

Like a vapor, I am evanescent.
Like a reed, I am wavering.
Like dust, I am small.
But I'm not vanity.
I am a gift of God.

Interpolation (1 Cor 14:33-36)

1 Cor 14:33b-36 is considered an interpolation by many scholars. I told my students that this passage was out of the blue. It is not connected with all previous chapters and all the following. This passage is abrupt. It is said that women should not speak in the church and if they have questions they must ask their husbands at home.

But this above advice to women is untrue and impractical because not all women are married. Some may have lost their husbands already. Even if they had their husbands at home, their husbands would not know all the answers.

If Paul prevented women's participation in the church, he must have been conflicting himself or schizophrenic because elsewhere he advocated women's leadership and their free participation in worship. All men and women in the church equally received the gift of the Spirit. Therefore, we can hardly believe that Paul wrote the above passage.

 

My YouTube Channel

These days I don’t have much energy to make new videos for my YouTube channel. But I can do so anytime if I want. There are 66 videos on my channel with 204 subscribers. Someday I will come back to make more.

Tips for Success in Class

Communication

Check with the instructor and talk with fellow students as often as it's necessary. Don't hesitate to ask for help or wait until the last minute. Keep the conversation open throughout the course.

Compassion
Show your love for your instructor, fellow students, and the subject matter. You are not competitors with each other but learning partners. A rigorous study does not breathe in competition or a haughty spirit. 

Commitment
Plan things and set aside time for reading. Day and night, read, think, and read. Stay the course and believe in yourself. No effort, no result.

 PODCAST 

"Conscientious"

What adjective best describes you? 

At the university conference a week ago, I said my adjective is "conscientious." 

I listen to my inner voice before and after I do something. 

I am meticulous with something often impatient, and make mistakes. 

Yet I am resilient and don't stop coming back to do better and more.

Atonement Theories and Jesus

 Traditional Atonement Theories

• Penal-substitutionary atonement (including the concept of propitiation and expiation): God's wrath is dealt with by propitiation; sins are cleansed.
• Ransom theory deals with one's bondage to sin or evil. Jesus's death is a ransom, and the price is paid to the devil. As a result, sinners are released from bondage.  
• Satisfaction theory: Jesus's death is a sinless sacrifice that satisfies God's justice.

But the traditional atonement theories do not consider seriously the question of why Jesus was put to death in a historical, political sense. According to the Gospels and Paul's major letters, Jesus's death has to do with his radical message of God's rule in the here and now.

The challenge for us is interpreting various passages regarding Jesus's death in the New Testament. The following translations are from the NRSVue.

Mark 14:24: "“This is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many."

1 Cor 5:7: "Clean out the old yeast so that you may be a new batch of dough, as you really are unleavened. For our paschal lamb, Christ, has been sacrificed."

Matt 26:28: "for this is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins."

c.f. Matt 8:17: "This was to fulfill what had been spoken through the prophet Isaiah, 'He took our infirmities and bore our diseases.'"
 

2 Cor 5:21: "For our sake God made the one who knew no sin to be sin, so that in him we might become the righteousness of God."

Rom 3:25: "whom God put forward as a sacrifice of atonement (hilasterion) by his blood, effective through faith. He did this to demonstrate his righteousness, because in his divine forbearance he had passed over the sins previously committed;"

*Note: Hilasterion may be translated or interpreted variously; it may be a propitiation, sacrifice of atonement, or mercy seat. In the Septuagint, hilasterion is the translation of the Hebrew Kaporet, which means the cover of the ark of the covenant on the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur).

  
Rom 5:6-10: "For while we were still weak, at the right time Christ died for the ungodly. 7 Indeed, rarely will anyone die for a righteous person—though perhaps for a good person someone might actually dare to die. 8 But God proves his love for us in that while we still were sinners Christ died for us. 9 Much more surely, therefore, since we have now been justified by his blood, will we be saved through him from the wrath of God. 10 For if while we were enemies we were reconciled to God through the death of his Son, much more surely, having been reconciled, will we be saved by his life."

Gal 1:4: "who gave himself for our sins to set us free from the present evil age, according to the will of our God and Father,"

Heb 10:12: "But when Christ had offered for all time a single sacrifice for sins, 'he sat down at the right hand of God,'"

1 John 2:2: "and he is the atoning sacrifice for our sins, and not for ours only but also for the sins of the whole world." *atoning sacrifice (hilasmos)

1 John 4:10: "In this is love, not that we loved God but that he loved us and sent his Son to be the atoning sacrifice for our sins." *atoning sacrifice (hilasmos) 

1 Pet 2:23-24: "When he was abused, he did not return abuse; when he suffered, he did not threaten, but he entrusted himself to the one who judges justly. 24 He himself bore our sins in his body on the cross, so that, having died to sins, we might live for righteousness; by his wounds you have been healed."

*This posting appeared in my other blog. 

Eremos in Luke 15:4 and translation

Jesus tells the parable of the lost sheep in Luke 15:3-7 (Matt 18:12-14). In Luke 15:4, a man leaves the ninety-nine in the ἔρημος (eremos) and searches for the lost one. The NRSVue translates "eremos" as "the wilderness." This translation is good. But the NIV goes with "the open country," and CEB has "the pasture." Both of these translations do not convey the sense of danger in the desert. The plain meaning of eremos is wilderness or desert, an unsafe place where predators may appear. Why do the NIV and CEB choose the open country or the pasture? The reason is probably to give you the impression that the shepherd did not put his sheep in harm's way while searching for the lost sheep. But this parable is not a traditional moral story but a seemingly nonsensible, paradoxical story that we cannot sacrifice one sheep because of the majority.

NRSVue
Luke 15:4 “Which one of you, having a hundred sheep and losing one of them, does not leave the ninety-nine in the wilderness and go after the one that is lost until he finds it?

NIV
15: 4 “Suppose one of you has a hundred sheep and loses one of them. Doesn’t he leave the ninety-nine in the open country and go after the lost sheep until he finds it?

CEB
15:4 “Suppose someone among you had one hundred sheep and lost one of them. Wouldn’t he leave the other ninety-nine in the pasture and search for the lost one until he finds it? 

NRSVue made big improvements

As a critical interpreter of Paul's letters, I have long argued for the subjective genitive reading of the pistis christou phrases. Finally, the NRSVue (updated edition) reflects this reading. I am convinced that Paul's theology stands on two cornerstones: God's good news and Jesus Christ's faithfulness.  

• Rom 3:22: "faith in Jesus Christ" (NRSV); "faith of Jesus Christ" (NRSVue)
• Rom 3:26: "faith in Jesus" (NRSV); "the faith of Jesus" (NRSVue)
• Gal 2:16: "faith in Jesus Christ" (NRSV); "the faith of Jesus Christ" (NRSVue)
• Gal 2:20: "by faith in the Son of God" (NRSV); "by the faith of the Son of God" (NRSVue)

Three Pauline adjectives, vital for our transformation

κενός (kenos) means "empty," πλήρης (plērēs) means "full", and κοινός (koinos) means "common." Kenosis (the act of emptying) is the first thing we need before God. It is our humility. Then, we will be filled by the Spirit. With this Spirit, we can share a fellowship (koinonia) with others, based on common sense that we are all weak.  

Cascade Contextual Critical Commentary

The final version of the 2 Corinthians commentary is in my hand now. One of my colleagues took pains to read the entire manuscript. I cleaned it up. I feel like I am done with this. Sooner or later, I will submit it to the series editor (Cascade Contextual Critical Commentary).

2 Corinthians (Cascade, 2024 est)

 

Table of Contents

1:1—2:13 (+7:5–16; +13:11–13)  A Letter of Reconciliation  

1:1–2  Salutation

1:3–11  Blessing and Thanksgiving

1:12—2:13  Reflection and Advice

7:5–16  Joy of Ministry

13:11–13 Final Greetings

2:14—7:4  A Letter of Defense of Paul’s Ministry

2:14–17  Thanksgiving

3:1–18   Ministers of the New Covenant

4:1—5:10  Assurance of the Gospel

5:11–21  Ministry of Reconciliation

6:1—7:4  Exhortations 

8:1–24  A Letter of the Collection 

9:1–15  Another Letter of the Collection  

10:1—13:10  A Letter of Tears  

10:1–18  Defense of Paul’s Ministry

11:1–15  False Apostles

11:16–33  The Fool’s Speech 

12:1–13  Weakness and the Power of God

12:14—13:10  Final Appeal 

Mock Interview: Rereading Galatians

Rereading Galatians from the Perspective of Paul's Gospel
A Literary and Theological Commentary
(Cascade, 2019)


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1. Why did you write this commentary on Galatians?

This book is a short literary and theological commentary. I don't repeat lots of the good stuff from the traditional commentaries. I read Galatians from the perspective of Paul's gospel that emphasizes God's gospel, Christ's gospel, and the Christian gospel. I hope readers may understand this letter freshly, seeing the importance of Christ's faithfulness and Christian participation in the gospel.


2. What is the method that you applied to read the letter?

My main method is a literary reading of the letter. I don't follow a typical rhetorical analysis. I explore the theme of the gospel in Galatians: "the origin of the gospel; the clarification of the gospel; the root of the gospel; the advantage of the gospel; the mandate of the gospel." These are five features of the gospel in Galatians.


3. Why do you think Paul wrote this letter to the Galatians?

Some in the church confused the gospel of Christ he proclaimed. They claimed that Jewish elements such as circumcision should be a mandate to become children of God. But Paul argues that the gentiles don't need circumcision because it is a cultural, religious thing that is not essential to the faith. His point is faith is what all people need. This fact has been true ever since Abraham trusted God. Otherwise, Paul does not argue that his gospel is law-free. Rather, the law is fulfilled through Christ who loved his neighbor (see Gal 5:14: “For the whole law is summed up in a single commandment, ‘You shall love your neighbor as yourself’”). Paul does not attach any strings or conditions to his gospel other than faith, which has been working since Abraham.


4. How different is your interpretation from others?

My interpretation is different from the traditional one. I argue that "pistis christou" is Christ's faithfulness. Christ revealed God's love and justice and he was obedient to God. Accordingly, his sacrifice is the result of his faithfulness for God’s love. It is not a vicarious redemptive death that he died instead of sinners. Likewise, Gal 2:16 is interpreted differently: "We are justified not by the works of the law, but through Christ's faithfulness." Here justification requires Christian participation in Christ.


5. What can you talk about "justification by faith"?

Strictly speaking, "justification by faith" is a correct one that is argued by Paul. But the question is by whose faith or what kind of faith. Primarily, the needed faith is Christ's faith, which is the basis for Christian faith. Then the content of faith is not merely to accept Christ's vicarious death but to imitate him.


6. You also read Romans from the same perspective of Paul's gospel. Are there common themes between the two letters?

Although the context of Romans is different from Galatians, Paul's view of the gospel is the same. Likewise, in Romans, we see the importance of the gospel involving three aspects: God's gospel, Christ's gospel, and the Christian gospel. The concept of faith and justification in Romans is congruous with Galatians. There is no conflict about Paul's theology.


7. Can you talk about your book briefly? What is it about?

This book approaches Galatians from a threefold-gospel perspective: God, Jesus, and those who live faithfully. For Paul, the good news is rooted in God’s promises to Abraham and confirmed through the faith of Christ Jesus. Those who share his faithfulness are set right with God and become children of God. All the above is the good news that Paul preaches to the Galatians.