Three Marks of Existence in Early Buddhism

Three Marks of Existence in Early Buddhism:
1. Annica (impermanence): "everything changes" in the world or universe (cf, hebel in Eccl 1:2).
2. Anatta means there is no fixed self in the existence of all things.
3. Dukkha means all things are involved in suffering.


More about this teaching

Dao De Jing

Dao De Jing is a classical wisdom book, purportedly written by Laozi. It is one of the most-read books in the world today. It comprises 81 short poems. Here is my translation: PDF.

John 14:6

Excerpts from Yung Suk Kim, Truth, Testimony, and Transformation: A New Reading of the "I Am" Sayings of Jesus in the Fourth Gospel (Cascade, 2014)

When Jesus says in the Fourth Gospel, "I am the way, the truth, and the life," does he mean that Christianity is the only true religion, or did he mean something else? As we know, Jesus did not found a new religion nor did he pave a new way to salvation or truth. Rather, Jesus worked for God, by showing the way of God, testifying to the truth, and engaging in the work of liberation. Jesus in the Fourth Gospel, like Moses, is sent by God to liberate people from darkness. Unlike today's triumphant Christianity, the Johannine community was a small, marginalized, expelled community that struggled because of their faith. It will be very interesting to see how this struggling community was transformed into a loving community, following the model of Jesus.

I wrote this book out of my hope that the Fourth Gospel and John 14:6, in particular, could be the scripture of engagement, embodiment, and empowerment for Christian readers. I hope this book will help the reader rethink the role of the Logos or the "I am" sayings in the Fourth Gospel. In a pluralistic society, the focus of the gospel shifts from conversion or theological doctrine to the empowerment of people. I dream that this book will contribute to theological education in that the "I am" sayings of the Fourth Gospel give a voice to inclusivism rather than exclusivism, solidarity rather than marginalization, and liberation rather than oppression. In the pluralistic life contexts of America today, the theology that accepts others as friends is very important; it engages others on the basis of God's love and justice. With a focus on the language of embodiment and empowerment, theological education can be more inclusive to others and help students reorient their attention to the present life in the world.

 

Summing up my trip to Oregon

I came back home 10 days after my wife and I have spent quality time with our daughter in Hillsboro, Oregon. Things that I saw and cherishable memories that I hold will stay with me for a long time. In particular, I cannot forget Columbia Hills Historical State Park—a result of the cataclysmic changes during the Ice Age floods that reshaped the surrounding regions of the Columbia River, a trip to Bend, Oregon where Cascade Lakes Scenic Byway thrilled us, and Cannon Beach that holds the time and history of millions of years. I also cannot forget numerous yet valuable pebbles at the beach, which were not made one time. Each pebble is unique and beautiful. It preserves its own time and history.

Cherishing those days

 

Two years ago, I was like this, speaking at the conference of the UMC Western PA Annual Conference held in Grove City College, with thousands of people gathered. I cherish those days when I met various people in person. Virtual meetings cannot replace real ones.

Jung Do-Jeon (1342-1398)

Jung Do-Jeon (1342-1398) was a famous scholar and politician in the 14th-century Koryo dynasty. He helped Sunggae Lee to found a new kingdom called Josun, ending the Koryo dynasty whose religious political foundation was Buddhism. A new kingdom Josun lasted about five hundred years until the 19th century.

Jung's political or scholarly vision was to establish a newly reformed country run by a philosophy of common sense, rooted in grass people. He was very critical of Buddhism in those days especially the hypocritical elites who accumulated wealth and secured their future salvation in heaven. Temples and elites became richer, and people became poorer.

He rejected "reincarnation," a core doctrine of Buddhism according to which persons may continue to live a life after death. In exchange for a better place with "reincarnation," they were asked to donate lots of money to the temple. This is where corruption began in religion; elites were busy accumulating their wealth by connecting with this kind of elite religion.

Jung Do-Jeon challenged the absurdities of such an idea of reincarnation in his book Bulsee Japbyun. In this book, his observation goes like this: "We look at the beautiful flowers or leaves in the spring and see them fading and falling off to the ground. They return to the place where they were." Here he rejects the idea of rebirth, saying like this: "How is it possible that we expect to see the same fallen flowers or leaves coming back to life in the next spring?" Simply, an old life is gone and a new life is born or started! What comes out from the ground in the next spring is a new life, not a re-birth. Old leaves or flowers are rotten and become fertilizers for a new life. Simply, what he says is that reincarnation is an absurd idea. He also says: "How can we inhale the same breath that we exhale? Each time we exhale a breath inhale a new one, not the same breath." Likewise, the spring puts forth the ever-springing water, which is never the same. Original water evaporates and turns into clouds. Furthermore, in his view, "reincarnation" is a selfish desire that people want to prolong their lives after death. Death is the end, and it must be accepted as natural.

I think his critique makes very good sense for today when people are concerned too much about the next life while ignoring their responsibilities in the world now.

The following poem was written by Jung DoJeon when he first met Sunggae Lee.

蒼茫歲月一株松 / 아득한 세월에 한 그루 소나무
生長靑山幾萬重 / 푸른 산 몇 만겹 속에 자랐구나.
好在他年相見否 / 잘 있으시오. 훗날 서로 뵐 수 있으리까?
人間俯仰便陳蹤 / 인간 세상이란 잠깐 사이 묵은 자취인 것을.

— 정도전, 《제함영송수 (題咸營松樹)》

a pine tree standing alone for a long time;
It has grown so big now through millions of mountain trails;
Goodbye now to you; can we see each other in the future? The human world is passing like a fast-moving arrow.
[Trans. Yung Suk Kim]


The following poem was written by Jung DoJeon before he died (or was killed).

操存省察兩加功 / 조심하고 조심하여 공력을 다해 살면서
不負聖賢黃卷中 / 책 속에 담긴 성현의 말씀 저버리지 않았네.
三十年來勤苦業 / 삼십 년 긴 세월 고난 속에 쌓아 놓은 사업
松亭一醉竟成空 / 송현방 정자 한 잔 술에 그만 허사가 되었네.

— 정도전, 《자조》

With every effort and caution, I have lived a life very well;
I did not break the wisdom of the sages in their literature;
a 30-year achievement made through trials and errors
came to an end in vain because of a glass of wine at the Songhyunbang.
[a rough translation of mine]

Western Christianity's Biggest Problem: A Narrow Understanding of Faith

 

Knowing the dominant form of Western Christianity was influenced by Augustine and Luther, we must point out the weakness of these Christian theologians who failed to see the diverse aspects of faith in the New Testament. So much so their understanding of faith and salvation is very limited. It may be summarized as follows: 
1) Individual salvation or justification: imparted or imputed righteousness (forensic salvation); 

2) Introspective, inner faith out of guilt rather than public faith; 

3) Invading, exclusive gospel: colonialism and exclusivism. 

But the prevailing aspects of Christian faith have to do with “participatory faith,” as in the four Gospels and Paul’s 7 undisputed letters. There are also other minor aspects of faith: faith as knowledge, faith as works, and faith as a conviction.

"Race, Ethnicity and the Gospels"

 Finally, my article "Race, Ethnicity and the Gospels" was accepted for publication.

Atonement theology and Paul

Jesus's death is not required for atonement; it is unwanted yet unavoidable because of his testimony to God's righteousness. Not his death as such but his life and death together prove that he was faithful to God. God considers Jesus to be the place of reconciliation because of his faithfulness. Jesus--not his sacrifice--is the locus of reconciliation that humans must come to participate in his faithfulness. The radical concept of atonement requires human participation in Jesus's life and death.


For more about this idea of atonement theology, see my book:

Jesus as the Locus of Reconciliation: Paul's Theology of Atonement

Body metaphor

Are those who insist that Paul's body metaphor is about unity/concord (homonoia) different from white supremacists? Does Paul talk about unity at all? Or does he talk about the status of a union that embraces solidarity and diversity?