Summing up my trip to Oregon

I came back home 10 days after my wife and I have spent quality time with our daughter in Hillsboro, Oregon. Things that I saw and cherishable memories that I hold will stay with me for a long time. In particular, I cannot forget Columbia Hills Historical State Park—a result of the cataclysmic changes during the Ice Age floods that reshaped the surrounding regions of the Columbia River, a trip to Bend, Oregon where Cascade Lakes Scenic Byway thrilled us, and Cannon Beach that holds the time and history of millions of years. I also cannot forget numerous yet valuable pebbles at the beach, which were not made one time. Each pebble is unique and beautiful. It preserves its own time and history.

Cherishing those days

 

Two years ago, I was like this, speaking at the conference of the UMC Western PA Annual Conference held in Grove City College, with thousands of people gathered. I cherish those days when I met various people in person. Virtual meetings cannot replace real ones.

Jung Do-Jeon (1342-1398)

Jung Do-jeon (1342–1398) was a prominent scholar and politician of the late 14th-century Goryeo dynasty. He helped Yi Seong-gye found a new kingdom, Joseon, bringing an end to Goryeo, whose political-religious foundation was Buddhism. The Joseon dynasty lasted for about five hundred years, until the 19th century.

Jung’s political and scholarly vision was to establish a newly reformed state governed by commonsense principles rooted in the lives of ordinary people. He was highly critical of the Buddhism of his day, especially of hypocritical elites who amassed wealth while securing promises of future salvation. As temples and elites grew richer, the people became poorer.

He rejected “reincarnation,” a core Buddhist doctrine according to which a person continues life after death. In exchange for the hope of a better rebirth, people were urged to donate large sums to temples. This, he argued, bred religious corruption, as elites enriched themselves through this alliance with an elite religion.

Jung Do-jeon challenged the absurdities he saw in the idea of reincarnation in his book Bulssi japbyeon. He observed: “We look at the beautiful flowers and leaves in spring and see them fade and fall to the ground. They return to the place from which they came.” He rejects rebirth with the question: “How can we expect the same fallen flowers or leaves to come back to life the next spring?” An old life ends; a new life begins. What emerges from the ground in spring is new life, not a rebirth. Old leaves and flowers decay and become fertilizer for the new. In short, he argues that reincarnation is an absurd idea. 

He also writes: “How can we inhale the very breath we have exhaled? Each time we exhale, we inhale a new breath, not the same one.” Likewise, a spring issues ever-flowing water that is never the same; the original water evaporates and becomes clouds. Furthermore, in his view, “reincarnation” is a selfish desire to prolong one’s existence after death. Death is the end and should be accepted as natural.

I believe his critique is still compelling today, when many focus excessively on the next life while neglecting their responsibilities in the present world.

The following poem was written by Jung Do-jeon when he first met Yi Seong-gye.

蒼茫歲月一株松 / 아득한 세월에 한 그루 소나무
生長靑山幾萬重 / 푸른 산 몇 만겹 속에 자랐구나.
好在他年相見否 / 잘 있으시오. 훗날 서로 뵐 수 있으리까?
人間俯仰便陳蹤 / 인간 세상이란 잠깐 사이 묵은 자취인 것을.
— 정도전, 《제함영송수 (題咸營松樹)》

a pine tree standing alone for a long time;
It has grown so big now through millions of mountain trails.
Goodbye now to you; can we see each other in the future? The human world is passing like a fast-moving arrow.
[Trans. Yung Suk Kim]


The following poem was written by Jung DoJeon before he died (or was killed).

操存省察兩加功 / 조심하고 조심하여 공력을 다해 살면서
不負聖賢黃卷中 / 책 속에 담긴 성현의 말씀 저버리지 않았네.
三十年來勤苦業 / 삼십 년 긴 세월 고난 속에 쌓아 놓은 사업
松亭一醉竟成空 / 송현방 정자 한 잔 술에 그만 허사가 되었네.
— 정도전, 《자조》

With every effort and caution, I have lived a life very well.
I did not break the wisdom of the sages in their literature;
A 30-year achievement made through trials and errors
came to an end in vain because of a glass of wine at the Songhyunbang.
[A rough translation of mine]

Western Christianity's Biggest Problem: A Narrow Understanding of Faith

 

Knowing the dominant form of Western Christianity was influenced by Augustine and Luther, we must point out the weakness of these Christian theologians who failed to see the diverse aspects of faith in the New Testament. So much so their understanding of faith and salvation is very limited. It may be summarized as follows: 
1) Individual salvation or justification: imparted or imputed righteousness (forensic salvation); 

2) Introspective, inner faith out of guilt rather than public faith; 

3) Invading, exclusive gospel: colonialism and exclusivism. 

But the prevailing aspects of Christian faith have to do with “participatory faith,” as in the four Gospels and Paul’s 7 undisputed letters. There are also other minor aspects of faith: faith as knowledge, faith as works, and faith as a conviction.