Once Again, Pistis Christou: The Case of Galatians 2:20

Yung Suk Kim, PhD

Galatians 2:20

• NA27 GREEK: ζῶ δὲ οὐκέτι ἐγώ, ζῇ δὲ ἐν ἐμοὶ Χριστός· ὃ δὲ νῦν ζῶ ἐν σαρκί, ἐν πίστει ζῶ τῇ τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ἀγαπήσαντός με καὶ παραδόντος ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ.
• NRSVue: "...and it is no longer I who live, but it is Christ who lives in me. And the life I now live in the flesh I live by the faith of the Son of God, who loved me and gave himself for me."
• NIV: "...and I no longer live, but Christ lives in me. The life I now live in the body, I live by faith in the Son of God, who loved me and gave himself for me."
• My Translation: "...and it is no longer I who live, but it is Christ who lives in me. And the life I now live in the flesh I live in the faith of the Son of God, who loved me and gave himself for me."

What exactly does Paul mean when he uses the Greek genitive phrase pistis Christou?

Traditionally, this phrase has been rendered as an objective genitive, meaning the believer's faith in Jesus. However, critical Pauline scholarship has increasingly leaned toward the subjective genitive, translating it as Christ's faith or faithfulness.

The primary argument for this reading is that throughout his authentic letters, Paul establishes a consistent pattern of emphasizing Christ's own work and faithfulness. Paul's overarching view is that Jesus, as the Son of God, manifested God's righteousness through his own faithful obedience, not merely by being a passive object of our belief.

The Precedent in Romans
Take Romans 3:22 as a prime example. Here, we see a clear formula dividing the work: "the righteousness of God through the faith of Jesus Christ for all who believe." This phrasing suggests that the believers' faith is modeled after and dependent upon Jesus's faith.

In this single verse, there are two distinct forms of faith at play: Jesus's and the believers'. If Paul had meant only the believer's faith, appending the phrase "for all who have faith" would be entirely redundant. Furthermore, if Paul simply wanted to describe a believer's faith in Jesus, he easily could have used the prepositional phrase en (like "in" in English) combined with the noun pistis. Instead, he uses the genitive form. Romans 3:26 further reinforces this subjective reading: God justifies the one who has "the faith of Jesus," rather than the one who has "faith in Jesus."

(I have discussed these grammatical and theological points at length in my previous works, including How to Read Paul and A Theological Introduction to Paul's Letters. See my publications)

The Decisive Case of Galatians 2:20
When we bring this framework to Galatians 2:20, the verse becomes one of the most decisive indicators of the subjective genitive.

Paul’s central point here is crystal clear: he is no longer the active agent. He has been crucified with Christ, and it is now Christ who lives in him.

Notice how Paul parallels the preposition en ("in") twice: he lives "in the flesh" (en sarki) and "in the faith" (en pistei). He continues to exist physically in the flesh, but he no longer decides or acts on his own autonomous behalf. Instead, he is sustained and animated by Christ's faith and love. This is why he declares, "I live in the faith of the Son of God."

I emphasize the preposition "in" to illustrate that Paul is enveloped by and living by means of Christ's faith. Christ is living in him, empowering his very existence. If we read this verse in the traditional objective sense ("by my faith in the Son of God"), it creates a glaring theological awkwardness. How can Paul claim that his own autonomous faith is the driving force if his ego has just died on the cross and he is "no longer living"? The faith that animates the believer must be the faith of the Son of God.

Conclusion
The more I reflect on Paul's letters, the more convinced I am of the subjective sense of pistis Christou. Frankly, it is a profound theological loss if we fail to recognize the vital importance of Jesus's own faith in bringing about God's righteousness.

It is time to reconfigure Paul's theology in its proper, original context—and by doing so, we can constructively relive the faith of Christ in our own time.

Day 6: Chronos and Kairos

Day 6: Chronos and Kairos (The Wisdom of Seasons)

The Seasons of Radical Acceptance 

In the Hebrew Bible, the author of Ecclesiastes observes the inescapable rhythms of human existence: "There is a time for everything, and a season for every activity under the heavens: a time to be born and a time to die... a time to weep and a time to laugh."

This famous poem is not just a poetic observation; it is an invitation to radical acceptance. We do not get to choose the seasons of our lives. There are inherent limitations to our control over time. Instead of exhausting ourselves by fighting the current current—trying to laugh when it is time to mourn, or trying to accumulate when it is time to let go—wisdom lies in discernment. It means accepting the boundaries of our present reality and receiving both the toil and the joy as a fleeting, mysterious gift from God. This requires us to surrender our illusion of control and be fully present in the season we are actually in, rather than the one we wish we were in.

The Breakthrough of Kairos 

However, the biblical view of time is not merely cyclical resignation; it is also highly dynamic. In the New Testament, we encounter a different dimension of time. In Mark 1:15, Jesus declares: "The time has come... The kingdom of God has come near."

The word used here for time is not chronological time (chronos), but kairos—the decisive, appointed, or fulfilled moment. Jesus is announcing that a completely new kind of time has broken into the present. It is a time that empowers people to live in a radically new way. In this kairos moment, the reign of God is no longer a distant future reality, but something that can be realized and lived out today.

Living in the Dual Reality 

This is where our theology of time comes together. We are called to live simultaneously in both realities. We practice the radical acceptance of Ecclesiastes—honoring the limitations and seasons of our earthly lives—while simultaneously stepping into the kairos of Jesus. No matter what "season" we find ourselves in, the present moment is always pregnant with the kairos of God, inviting us into a new way of living, loving, and experiencing the divine reign right here and now.

Key Takeaway: Wisdom requires us to radically accept the uncontrollable seasons of our lives, while faith invites us to recognize that this very present moment is a kairos—a fulfilled time to experience God's reign in a new way.

Reflection Question Options:

What "season" of life are you currently in, and where might you be causing yourself unnecessary suffering by fighting against it instead of practicing radical acceptance?

*For the whole series on time: Time Deconstructed: A 10-Day Journey Through Physics, Mind, and Theology

Publications in one page

Day 5: Time and Mental Health

Day 5: Time and Mental Health — The Decisive Present

In Day 4, we explored our remarkable cognitive ability to travel through time—reconstructing the past through memory and imagining the future through prospection. But this gift comes with a psychological risk. While we have the capacity to mentally exist in yesterday or tomorrow, our mental health heavily depends on realizing where we actually live.

All things converge on the present moment. How we relate to this convergence is critical to our mental and emotional well-being.

  
The Temporal Traps: Past and Future
Much of human psychological suffering is fundamentally a struggle with time. When our minds become unmoored from the present, we fall into two primary temporal traps:

• Occupied by the Past: When we spend too much of our cognitive energy in the past, we risk falling into rumination, regret, and depression. We replay events we cannot change, allowing history to dictate our current identity.
• Worrying About the Future: Conversely, when our minds project too far forward, we experience anxiety. We construct hypothetical catastrophes and worry about an unwritten future that does not yet exist, draining our energy for the challenges of today.

The Decisive Moment
While mental time travel is useful for learning and planning, true life only happens in the "now." The present is the decisive moment. It is the only point in the timeline of the universe where we actually have power.

We cannot alter the physical reality of the past, and we cannot entirely control the outcomes of the future. But we have profound power to decide the present. This is where human agency lives. Agency is not the ability to control time; it is the ability to choose our response to it right now.

Reclaiming Our Agency
A healthy mental life requires us to reclaim the present moment. It means using the past as a library for wisdom, not a prison cell, and using the future as a compass for direction, not a source of dread.

By anchoring ourselves in the today, we take back our agency. We get to decide how we will act, how we will love, and what meaning we will create in this exact moment. We are not victims of the ticking clock, nor are we helpless passengers on the arrow of time. How we live today is the most vital choice we make for our mental life, because the present is the only place where the canvas is still wet, waiting for our brushstroke.

Reflection Question: 

When you feel most stressed or overwhelmed, where does your mind tend to go—are you occupied by the past, or worrying about the future? How can you gently bring yourself back to the decisive present?

*For the whole series on time: Time Deconstructed: A 10-Day Journey Through Physics, Mind, and Theology

Day 4: Cognitive Time

Day 4: Cognitive Time — The Integrated Mind

In Phase 1, we established that physical time is fluid, localized, and driven by the decay of entropy. But how do we actually experience it? Traditional cognitive science often reduces our perception of time to a "neural clock" or a processing function of the brain. However, the human mind is not just a cold calculator of seconds; it is a deeply integrated system of intellect, emotion, and volition.

To be conscious of time is not merely to track its passing. It is to feel its weight, to suffer its brevity, and to direct its flow through our choices. Our consciousness of time arises through three intertwined dimensions of the human mind:

The Cognitive: Mental Time Travel
Our brains possess a remarkable ability called "mental time travel." Unlike a ticking clock that only exists in the present, human cognition allows us to unmoor ourselves from the "now." Through episodic memory, we reconstruct the past; through prospection, we simulate the future. We are constantly writing and revising a narrative. Time consciousness means we are storytellers, bridging the gap between who we were and who we are becoming. Through this time consciousness, we also ask who we are, where we are from, how we live, and where we go.

The Emotional: The Elasticity of Experience
Time is deeply affective. If you have ever been in a car accident, you know that fear can stretch a single second into an eternity. Conversely, joy can compress hours into fleeting moments. Emotions dictate the "texture" and speed of time. Trauma can trap a person in a looped past, making yesterday feel as present as today. Boredom makes time heavy; happy experience makes it feel short. Our consciousness of time is inseparable from our emotional state—we do not just think about time; we feel it.

The Volitional: Agency and Will
Volition—our capacity for choice and intentionality—is how we push back against the passive flow of time. Time consciousness gives birth to human agency. Because we can perceive a future, we can form intentions, set goals, and exercise patience. When we decide to delay gratification, forgive a past wrong, or commit to a future promise, we are using our will to actively shape our temporal reality. Volition turns time from a force that happens to us into a canvas we paint upon.

What Does It Mean to Be Conscious of Time?
To be conscious of time is to carry a unique existential burden and a profound gift. Because we know time is passing (entropy) and because we know it will eventually run out for us (anicca or impermanence), we are faced with the necessity of meaning. Humans live in the tension of a past that is gone and a future that is unwritten.

Time consciousness means we are responsible for our narrative. It is the very foundation of regret, hope, anxiety, and purpose. It is what makes us moral agents, capable of looking at the arrow of time and deciding how we will walk alongside it.

Reflection Question:
Think of a deeply meaningful memory. How do your intellect (the facts of the event), your emotion (how it felt), and your volition (how it shapes your current choices) work together to keep that past moment alive in your present?

*For the whole series on time: Time Deconstructed: A 10-Day Journey Through Physics, Mind, and Theology

Jesus and Paul: Shared Visions, Divergent Paths

Long ago—perhaps ten years ago—I first envisioned a book on Jesus and Paul. Since then, I have occasionally revisited the idea and even drafted an initial proposal, but I held back because the project didn’t yet feel ripe. Recently, however, the idea has resurfaced with renewed clarity and appeal. My plan is to critically examine both figures through their theological teachings, their relationship to tradition, and their core similarities and differences. Most importantly, I want to explore their distinct personalities and leadership styles.

Day 3: The Arrow of Time (Entropy and Renewal)

Day 3: The Arrow of Time (Entropy and Renewal)

If we accept that time’s "arrow" is driven by entropy—the irreversible physical law that all systems move from order to disorder—we are forced to confront a heavy existential reality. The shattered coffee mug cannot reassemble. Bodies age. Mountains erode. Memories fade. The arrow of time dictates that everything in the physical universe is slowly winding down toward decay.

For millennia, human philosophy and theology have wrestled with the psychological weight of this decay. The author of Ecclesiastes captured this perfectly with the Hebrew word hevel (often translated as "vanity" or "meaninglessness," but literally meaning "breath" or "vapor"). Everything is fleeting; nothing is permanent. If the ultimate destination of all things is dissolution, how do we find meaning in a universe defined by decay?

The Paradox of Life: A Localized Rebellion 

The answer lies in a beautiful paradox of physics: while the overall universe is moving toward disorder, entropy is also the exact engine required for creation. Without the flow of energy moving from a concentrated state to a dispersed state (increasing entropy), absolutely nothing would happen. Stars would not shine, weather systems would not form, and biological life could not exist.

Life itself is a brilliant, localized rebellion against the arrow of time. In a process physicists call "negentropy" (negative entropy), living organisms constantly take in energy from their environment (like sunlight or food) to maintain complex, beautiful order within themselves, even as they increase the disorder of the wider universe. We are temporary, highly structured islands of order holding back the tide of chaos.

Meaning Amidst Decay 

Therefore, meaning cannot be found in resisting time, grasping at permanence, or trying to freeze the clock—because the physics of our universe forbid it. Instead, meaning is found in the creative tension between decay and renewal.

Because our existence is finite and subjected to entropy, our moments gain their value. The fragility of a relationship, the temporary blooming of a flower, or the fleeting inspiration of a song are beautiful precisely because they are bound by time. If we lived in a static universe without entropy, there would be no decay, but there would also be no narrative, no growth, no urgency, and no grace.

The Theology of Renewal 

From a theological perspective, this reality shifts how we view the divine. If the material world is defined by anicca (impermanence) and entropy, then divine renewal is not about hitting "rewind" to restore a pristine past. Instead, renewal is the continuous, creative act of bringing new life and new order out of the ashes of the old. It is finding the sacred not in a static, timeless perfection, but within the messy, decaying, and endlessly transforming flow of reality.

Summary

Entropy guarantees that all things will decay, but it is also the very mechanism that allows the universe to be dynamic rather than dead. Meaning is not found by escaping the arrow of time, but by fully participating in the temporary, beautiful order we can create while the clock is ticking.

Reflection Question: 

If my life is a temporary "localized rebellion" against the universe's drift toward disorder, what specific kind of order, beauty, or love am I choosing to build with my limited energy today?

*For the whole series on time: Time Deconstructed: A 10-Day Journey Through Physics, Mind, and Theology

A new book project on science, religion, and faith

I am slowly yet steadily developing a future book project that addresses a broader scope than my previous work: the intersection of science, religion, and faith. The tentative title is The Horizon of Trust: Science, Religion, and the Practice of Faith in an Uncertain World. The fundamental objective of this book is to explore the nature of belief and trust in an age of reason and scientific dominance coupled with existential crisis. This volume demonstrates that science and faith are not mutually exclusive; instead, it reframes the discourse on faith through an interdisciplinary lens, arguing that we can—and should—hold science and faith in creative tension. Ultimately, this book seeks to answer what it means to live meaningfully in a scientific era marked by profound uncertainty.

Day 2: The Definition of Time

 Day 2: The Definition of Time

To ask "what is time?" is to invite a fractured answer. Time cannot be defined by a single discipline; rather, it is a composite reality best understood through three distinct lenses: the fabric of physics, the progression of entropy, and the cognitive architecture of the human mind.

1. The Physics Lens: Relativity and the Quantum Conflict 

To understand how flexible time truly is, we can look at how it behaves across different physical scales. Because gravity literally weaves and stretches the fabric of spacetime, time passes slightly faster the further you are from a gravitational center. This means that, incredibly, your head is actually aging a tiny fraction of a second faster than your feet. On a slightly larger scale, a clock at the top of a high mountain ticks measurably faster than a clock resting at sea level. This bending of time is no mere philosophical concept; it is so tangible that the GPS satellites orbiting our planet experience time at a different pace than we do on the surface, requiring constant mathematical corrections so our navigation systems do not fall out of sync with reality. Finally, as we push into the cosmos and the limits of speed, time bends even further: an astronaut traveling through space at incredibly high velocities will age slightly slower than someone who remains on Earth. Whether stretched by gravity or compressed by speed, time is never a universal constant—it is a highly localized, physical experience.

However, our understanding of time fractures when we look at the universe's smallest scales. This brings us to The Quantum Conflict: while relativity proves that time is a fluid, bendable fabric shaped by gravity and speed, quantum mechanics—the physics of the subatomic world—treats time as a rigid, external backdrop ticking away at a constant, universal rate. When physicists attempt to reconcile these two realms into a unified theory of quantum gravity, time completely vanishes from the fundamental equations. This profound mystery has led some physicists to propose that time is an emergent property. Just as individual water molecules are not "wet" but create the experience of wetness when pooled together, time itself may not exist at the fundamental level of reality. Instead, it might be a macroscopic illusion—an emergent phenomenon arising from a deeper, fundamentally timeless quantum reality.

2. The Entropy Lens: The Measurement of Change 

If time is an emergent illusion at the quantum level, why does it feel so relentlessly directional to us? The answer lies in thermodynamics, specifically entropy—the universe's tendency to move from order to disorder. Time is the measurable dimension of this physical change. If you drop a coffee mug, it shatters into pieces. You will never see those pieces spontaneously reassemble themselves into a perfect mug. That irreversible progression from order to chaos is what gives time its "arrow." In this sense, time is simply the measurement of things changing and decaying. This aligns profoundly with the Buddhist concept of anicca (impermanence)—the recognition that all conditioned things are in a constant state of flux, arising and passing away. Entropy is the physical law that enforces anicca.

3. The Cognitive Lens: The Anticipation Machine 

Finally, time is the cognitive framework through which consciousness processes causality. The human brain is essentially an anticipation machine, constantly stitching together sensory inputs to create a coherent narrative of "now" while predicting "next." Consider how we experience a musical melody: we do not hear a series of isolated, disconnected notes. Our brain holds the memory of the previous note, processes the current note, and anticipates the next note, binding them together into a continuous song. Without this cognitive architecture, time would not flow; it would be a static, incomprehensible series of disconnected flashes.

Summary 

Time, therefore, is not an invisible river flowing through the universe. It is the localized stretching of spacetime, the irreversible progression of entropy, and the neurological framework our minds use to make sense of a changing reality.

Reflection Question: 

If the physical universe is driven by entropy and the constant flux of anicca (impermanence), how might accepting decay and change as fundamental laws—rather than failures—alter my relationship with control and attachment?

*For the whole series on time: Time Deconstructed: A 10-Day Journey Through Physics, Mind, and Theology

Day 1: The Illusion of Time

Yung Suk Kim, PhD

The image of an hourglass—a glass container with flowing sand—serves as a powerful metaphor for understanding the illusion of time by visually collapsing our rigid ideas of past, present, and future into a single, continuous phenomenon.

While we naturally think of time as three distinct, separated boxes (much like the stacked books labeled "Past," "Present," and "Future" in the image), the sand clock reveals a different reality:

The Present as a Dynamic Gateway: The narrow neck of the glass represents the "now"—the only part of the instrument where action actually occurs. The present moment is not a static point; it is a dynamic, continuous transition.

The Illusion of Separation: The sand in the top bulb (the unwritten future) and the sand in the bottom bulb (the physical reality of the past) are made of the exact same substance. They are not separate realms; they are simply different states of a single, unified flow occurring entirely within the physical frame of the glass container.

The Constant "Now": As sand falls, you cannot isolate a single grain to mark a standalone "second" without looking at the entire system. The movement reminds us that what we call "time" is actually just matter changing position in space. The past is merely a memory trace (sand that has fallen) and the future is a potential configuration (sand yet to fall), but the entire process unfolds exclusively in the continuous space of the present. 

By showcasing the books as rigid, artificial partitions next to the fluid, unified flow of the hourglass, the image highlights that our neat mental boundaries of time are merely constructs. In reality, existence unfolds entirely in the continuous flow of the "now."

Day 1: The Illusion of Time

The perceived separation of past, present, and future is an illusion. Time does not flow in the linear way we intuitively feel; rather, our existence unfolds entirely in the "now."

We experience only the present moment. The past is simply a repository of memory, and the future is a canvas for our imagination. While our minds constantly reach backward to remember or forward to reimagine, both of these acts occur strictly in the immediate present.

While classical science operationally defines time as the mechanical ticking measured by a clock, deeper cosmological perspectives suggest a more profound truth. Time is not merely a passing sequence—an invisible river flowing past us—but the current status of reality itself. It is not a container that things happen inside of. Instead, the "now" is simply the exact, constantly updating arrangement of everything in the universe at this very moment. Much like a turning kaleidoscope where the beads shift into new patterns, we are not moving through time; we are experiencing the universe continuously changing its shape. By grounding us in these physical facts, science anchors us in this reality, helping us understand exactly who and where we are within the immediate, unending now.

Reflection for the Day: If the past has no physical reality and the future is unwritten, what power does my current, present-moment self actually hold over my life's narrative?

*For the whole series on time: Time Deconstructed: A 10-Day Journey Through Physics, Mind, and Theology