A new book project on science, religion, and faith

I am slowly yet steadily developing a future book project that addresses a broader scope than my previous work: the intersection of science, religion, and faith. The tentative title is The Horizon of Trust: Science, Religion, and the Practice of Faith in an Uncertain World. The fundamental objective of this book is to explore the nature of belief and trust in an age of reason and scientific dominance coupled with existential crisis. This volume demonstrates that science and faith are not mutually exclusive; instead, it reframes the discourse on faith through an interdisciplinary lens, arguing that we can—and should—hold science and faith in creative tension. Ultimately, this book seeks to answer what it means to live meaningfully in a scientific era marked by profound uncertainty.

Day 2: The Definition of Time

 Day 2: The Definition of Time

To ask "what is time?" is to invite a fractured answer. Time cannot be defined by a single discipline; rather, it is a composite reality best understood through three distinct lenses: the fabric of physics, the progression of entropy, and the cognitive architecture of the human mind.

1. The Physics Lens: Relativity and the Quantum Conflict 

To understand how flexible time truly is, we can look at how it behaves across different physical scales. Because gravity literally weaves and stretches the fabric of spacetime, time passes slightly faster the further you are from a gravitational center. This means that, incredibly, your head is actually aging a tiny fraction of a second faster than your feet. On a slightly larger scale, a clock at the top of a high mountain ticks measurably faster than a clock resting at sea level. This bending of time is no mere philosophical concept; it is so tangible that the GPS satellites orbiting our planet experience time at a different pace than we do on the surface, requiring constant mathematical corrections so our navigation systems do not fall out of sync with reality. Finally, as we push into the cosmos and the limits of speed, time bends even further: an astronaut traveling through space at incredibly high velocities will age slightly slower than someone who remains on Earth. Whether stretched by gravity or compressed by speed, time is never a universal constant—it is a highly localized, physical experience.

However, our understanding of time fractures when we look at the universe's smallest scales. This brings us to The Quantum Conflict: while relativity proves that time is a fluid, bendable fabric shaped by gravity and speed, quantum mechanics—the physics of the subatomic world—treats time as a rigid, external backdrop ticking away at a constant, universal rate. When physicists attempt to reconcile these two realms into a unified theory of quantum gravity, time completely vanishes from the fundamental equations. This profound mystery has led some physicists to propose that time is an emergent property. Just as individual water molecules are not "wet" but create the experience of wetness when pooled together, time itself may not exist at the fundamental level of reality. Instead, it might be a macroscopic illusion—an emergent phenomenon arising from a deeper, fundamentally timeless quantum reality.

2. The Entropy Lens: The Measurement of Change 

If time is an emergent illusion at the quantum level, why does it feel so relentlessly directional to us? The answer lies in thermodynamics, specifically entropy—the universe's tendency to move from order to disorder. Time is the measurable dimension of this physical change. If you drop a coffee mug, it shatters into pieces. You will never see those pieces spontaneously reassemble themselves into a perfect mug. That irreversible progression from order to chaos is what gives time its "arrow." In this sense, time is simply the measurement of things changing and decaying. This aligns profoundly with the Buddhist concept of anicca (impermanence)—the recognition that all conditioned things are in a constant state of flux, arising and passing away. Entropy is the physical law that enforces anicca.

3. The Cognitive Lens: The Anticipation Machine 

Finally, time is the cognitive framework through which consciousness processes causality. The human brain is essentially an anticipation machine, constantly stitching together sensory inputs to create a coherent narrative of "now" while predicting "next." Consider how we experience a musical melody: we do not hear a series of isolated, disconnected notes. Our brain holds the memory of the previous note, processes the current note, and anticipates the next note, binding them together into a continuous song. Without this cognitive architecture, time would not flow; it would be a static, incomprehensible series of disconnected flashes.

Summary 

Time, therefore, is not an invisible river flowing through the universe. It is the localized stretching of spacetime, the irreversible progression of entropy, and the neurological framework our minds use to make sense of a changing reality.

Reflection Question: 

If the physical universe is driven by entropy and the constant flux of anicca (impermanence), how might accepting decay and change as fundamental laws—rather than failures—alter my relationship with control and attachment?

*For the whole series on time: Time Deconstructed: A 10-Day Journey Through Physics, Mind, and Theology

Day 1: The Illusion of Time

Yung Suk Kim, PhD

The image of an hourglass—a glass container with flowing sand—serves as a powerful metaphor for understanding the illusion of time by visually collapsing our rigid ideas of past, present, and future into a single, continuous phenomenon.

While we naturally think of time as three distinct, separated boxes (much like the stacked books labeled "Past," "Present," and "Future" in the image), the sand clock reveals a different reality:

The Present as a Dynamic Gateway: The narrow neck of the glass represents the "now"—the only part of the instrument where action actually occurs. The present moment is not a static point; it is a dynamic, continuous transition.

The Illusion of Separation: The sand in the top bulb (the unwritten future) and the sand in the bottom bulb (the physical reality of the past) are made of the exact same substance. They are not separate realms; they are simply different states of a single, unified flow occurring entirely within the physical frame of the glass container.

The Constant "Now": As sand falls, you cannot isolate a single grain to mark a standalone "second" without looking at the entire system. The movement reminds us that what we call "time" is actually just matter changing position in space. The past is merely a memory trace (sand that has fallen) and the future is a potential configuration (sand yet to fall), but the entire process unfolds exclusively in the continuous space of the present. 

By showcasing the books as rigid, artificial partitions next to the fluid, unified flow of the hourglass, the image highlights that our neat mental boundaries of time are merely constructs. In reality, existence unfolds entirely in the continuous flow of the "now."

Day 1: The Illusion of Time

The perceived separation of past, present, and future is an illusion. Time does not flow in the linear way we intuitively feel; rather, our existence unfolds entirely in the "now."

We experience only the present moment. The past is simply a repository of memory, and the future is a canvas for our imagination. While our minds constantly reach backward to remember or forward to reimagine, both of these acts occur strictly in the immediate present.

While classical science operationally defines time as the mechanical ticking measured by a clock, deeper cosmological perspectives suggest a more profound truth. Time is not merely a passing sequence—an invisible river flowing past us—but the current status of reality itself. It is not a container that things happen inside of. Instead, the "now" is simply the exact, constantly updating arrangement of everything in the universe at this very moment. Much like a turning kaleidoscope where the beads shift into new patterns, we are not moving through time; we are experiencing the universe continuously changing its shape. By grounding us in these physical facts, science anchors us in this reality, helping us understand exactly who and where we are within the immediate, unending now.

Reflection for the Day: If the past has no physical reality and the future is unwritten, what power does my current, present-moment self actually hold over my life's narrative?

*For the whole series on time: Time Deconstructed: A 10-Day Journey Through Physics, Mind, and Theology

The Architecture of Occurrence

Yung Suk Kim, PhD

The Architecture of Occurrence: Classical Causation, Quantum Indeterminism, and the Mind

As a biblical scholar, my vocation is deeply rooted in the rigorous analysis of ancient texts, historical contexts, and the enduring quest for human meaning. However, the questions that animate our sacred traditions have never been confined to antiquity alone; they inherently demand that we stretch our thinking beyond traditional boundaries to engage the contemporary world and the wider cosmos. This reflection represents such an expansion. By looking past conventional disciplinary lines, I find myself standing at the fascinating intersection of modern physics, sociology, and philosophy. What follows is an exploration of how classical determinism, quantum indeterminism, and human community collide—inviting us to reconsider the invisible architecture that shapes our minds, our histories, and our place in a structured universe.

Nothing happens in a universe by accident. We often think an event occurs accidentally or suddenly, but strictly speaking, nothing happens apart from its structural causation. In the macroscopic cosmos, reality conforms to classical mechanics—a rigorous chain of cause and effect where physical laws dictate predictable outcomes. Yet, when we descend into the microscopic realm of quantum mechanics, we encounter absolute indeterminism. Crucially, this subatomic randomness is not lawless chaos; it is governed by precise probabilistic laws and mathematical wave functions. The cosmos paradoxically utilizes microscopic uncertainty to construct macroscopic certainty, establishing statistical probability as a fundamental physical law. To live with an informed perspective, we must recognize the profound divergence between our subjective expectations and this complex, objective reality.

How does this impact our lives today? First, we must perceive realities far vaster than ourselves and the multifaceted laws that govern them. We are active participants in a universe uniquely suspended between deterministic order and quantum probability. Even within our human communities, nothing happens without a underlying reason, though the sheer density of socio-historical variables often mimics blind chance. When we dive into the human mind, the dynamic becomes more complex still, mirroring this cosmic tension between fixed constraints and spontaneous possibility. The macro-universe of predictable effects and the micro-universe of structured randomness are intricately interwoven within human consciousness. How can we understand this vast nexus of causation and occurrence within our minds, our world, and the cosmos? By recognizing that even the existential uncertainties of life operate within a larger, mathematically elegant framework of reality, we discover a deeper grounding for our place in the universe.

Transformation at the borderlands

Today, I highlight the essay written by Daniel S. Schipani, Emeritus Professor of Pastoral Care and Counseling at Anabaptist Mennonite Biblical Seminary: "The Good News of a Struggle to Care (Matt 15:21-28)," in my edited volume, At the Intersection of Hermeneutics and Homiletics. Schipani analyzes the narrative through the lens of Latin American liberation hermeneutics combined with intercultural sensitivity, emphasizing the importance of openness, creative dialogue, and mutual learning at the borderlands.

Towards an Informed Faith: Redefining Time through Science and John’s Gospel

Yung Suk Kim, PhD

What exactly is time? We track it with calendars, watch it slip away on our wrists, and structure our entire lives around its steady progression. As a biblical scholar, my daily work involves exploring time through ancient texts, examining how human history, memory, and faith are bound up in chronology. Yet, I find myself deeply interested in understanding time from various other perspectives—including the rigid equations of science and cosmology.

In my view, faith or textual interpretation should never contradict science. Instead, faith can be better informed, challenged, and ultimately understood through the lens of scientific discovery. The traditional, static views of faith are simply not standing the test of modern science. Science tells us plainly that naive belief does not work; the laws of nature are consistent, and magical suspensions of these laws won't happen in our physical world. If we want a fresh, vibrant faith today, it must be an informed faith.

To be clear, this does not mean science is perfect enough to dictate faith. Science and faith simply operate in different realms of interest. Science examines physical things as they are. Faith, on the other hand, grapples with value questions and ultimate questions of where, why, or how—existential dilemmas that science cannot answer. Science cannot explain why bad people so often prosper, nor does it help a person deal with the deep suffering caused by systemic injustice. It cannot tell us how to find the courage to live in a world of profound uncertainty.

Nevertheless, science can and should enter into faith in crucial respects—especially in how we understand time. For me, that means recognizing that we experience only the present, while constantly remembering the past or reimagining the future. The past is a repository of memory, and the future is a canvas of imagination, but our existence unfolds entirely in the now. While science operationally defines time as that which is measured by a clock, a deeper look into cosmology suggests that time is not just a mechanical ticking, but the very status of reality in the present. Science anchors us in reality, helping us understand exactly who and where we are in the immediate now.

Here is a look at how our understanding of time evolves when we look through the lens of physics and cosmology, and what it means for how we live and believe today.

1. The Clockwork Universe: Absolute Time
For centuries, classical physics relied on the framework laid out by Sir Isaac Newton. In this view, time is:

• Absolute and universal: It acts as a static, unchanging background to the universe.
• Independent: It flows at the exact same rate everywhere, regardless of who is watching or what is happening.

In our daily lives, this is how we intuitively perceive time—as a steady, unyielding river that carries us along.

2. The One-Way Street: The Arrow of Time
Why can we remember the past but not the future? The answer lies in thermodynamics and the concept of entropy (a measure of disorder).

• The Second Law of Thermodynamics: In a closed system, things naturally move from a state of order to disorder.
• An Irreversible Flow: A dropped teacup shatters, but a shattered teacup never spontaneously reassembles. This relentless rise in disorder provides the "arrow of time," dictating its forward direction and mimicking our own linear experience of moving from memory into anticipation.

3. The Fabric of Reality: Einstein’s Relative Time
Albert Einstein completely transformed our understanding by proving that time is not absolute. Instead, it is deeply bound to space.

• Spacetime: Space and time are woven together into a dynamic, four-dimensional fabric.
• Time Dilation: Time is flexible. Clocks tick slower for an object moving at high speeds (Special Relativity) or positioned close to a massive gravitational body, like a planet or black hole (General Relativity). Put simply, time is a variable reality shaped by speed and gravity.

In short, physics confirms that time passes at different rates depending on where you are and how fast you are moving, shattering the illusion of a single, universal "now."

4. The Beginning of Everything: Cosmic Time
In cosmology, scientists use a standardized measure known as cosmic time to chart the history of the cosmos. This is the time experienced by a hypothetical observer moving precisely with the expansion of space.

• The Birth of Time: According to the standard Big Bang model, time itself began roughly 13.8 billion years ago.
• The Ultimate Singularity: Because the temporal dimension was created in the Big Bang, asking what happened "before" it is like asking what is north of the North Pole—the question itself loses its meaning.

5. The Ultimate Question: Is Time an Illusion?

When we try to merge the physics of the very large (relativity) with the physics of the very small (quantum mechanics), time presents a massive paradox.

• The Quantum Conflict: Quantum equations treat time as a rigid, external backdrop, while relativity treats it as a fluid fabric.
• An Emergent Property: In certain advanced theories of quantum gravity, time completely vanishes from the fundamental equations. This has led some physicists to suggest that time might be an emergent phenomenon—a macroscopic illusion arising from a deeper, timeless quantum reality.

Conclusion: Realizing the Kingdom in the Present

Whether we are looking at Einstein’s flexible spacetime or the quantum theories that suggest time is an emergent property, science shatters our rigid, traditional assumptions. It forces us to realize that time is not a mechanical clock, but the dynamic status of reality in the present.

While science provides the physical map of this present reality, faith provides the meaning. In our daily lives, we can feel this reality—the very reign of God—tangibly through the light and the wind, and through loving relationships with God and others. True love and authentic relationships go on forever; they transcend linear constraints. It is precisely in this way that we realize the kingdom of God right here, right now.

This is perhaps how the profound concept of "eternal life" in John's Gospel can be better understood. Eternal life is not a distant, future destination after we die; it is the quality of living fully in the divine presence today. When science anchors us in the present, it helps us understand our context. It frees us from a frozen past or a passive future, allowing an informed faith to answer the ultimate questions of values, meaning, and purpose. It calls us to action in the only moment we truly possess: the loving, just, and eternal now.

Crumbs are never enough!

Today, I highlight the chapter written by Katherine A. Shaner, a professor of New Testament at Wake Forest University School of Divinity: "Crumbs are Never Enough: Decentering the White Supremacist Jesus," in my edited volume, At the Intersection of Hermeneutics and Homiletics. Analyzing the narrative from a feminist rhetorical perspective, Shaner reveals how Matthew’s story perpetuates the logic of supremacist ideology, while honoring the wholeness and transformative power of the Canaanite woman and her community. #gospelofmatthew #feminist #rhetorical #hermeneutics #homiletics

Autumn 2026 (Richmond, VA)

It is a gorgeous day here in Richmond. Enjoy your surroundings—it’s a beautiful season.

 

 

 

Blues Hermeneutics and the Canaanite Woman

Today, I highlight the chapter written by Hugh R. Page Jr., Professor of Theology and Africana Studies at the University of Notre Dame: "The Matthean Jesus and the Canaanite Blues," featured in my edited volume, At the Intersection of Hermeneutics and Homiletics. Page's chapter is unique in how it brings blues music culture to bear on the Canaanite woman's experience, introducing a distinctive blues hermeneutic for the marginalized. Through this lens, her cry for justice and her profound faith are powerfully heard. #blueshermeneutics #Canaanitewoman #gospelofmatthew

Poem on Earth

The Earth is beautiful

Wherever you live, you see the same wonder:

rivers, flowers, mountains, butterflies, and birds,

blue skies, rainy days, and sudden storms—

all of these hold such striking grace.

Why, then, do people look past them,

searching for things beyond their own home?

True beauty surrounds us right here.

Look up at the sky, gaze at what is around you;

you will feel and touch all good things.

Do not look for something in another place tomorrow.

The world is here.

The only thing we truly have is now and here.